Creating a Kubernetes Cluster on DigitalOcean with Python and Fabric

In this tutorial, we'll spin up a three-node Kubernetes cluster using Ubuntu 20.04 DigitalOcean droplets. We'll also look at how to automate the setup of a Kubernetes cluster with Python and Fabric.

Feel free to swap out DigitalOcean for a different cloud hosting provider or your own on-premise environment.

Dependencies:

Docker v19.03.8
Kubernetes v1.18.3

What is Fabric?
Droplets Setup
Provision the Machines
Configure the Master Node
Configure the Worker Nodes
Sanity Check
Automation Script

What is Fabric?

Fabric is a Python library used for automating routine shell commands over SSH, which we'll be using to automate the setup of a Kubernetes cluster.

Install:

$ pip install fabric==2.5.0

Verify the version:

$ fab --version

Fabric 2.5.0
Paramiko 2.7.1
Invoke 1.4.1

Test it out by adding the following code to a new file called fabfile.py:

from fabric import task


@task
def ping(ctx, output):
    """ Sanity check """
    print(f'pong!')
    print(f'hello {output}!')

Try it out:

$ fab ping --output="world"

pong!
hello world!

For more, review the official Fabric docs.

Droplets Setup

First, sign up for an account on DigitalOcean (if you don’t already have one), add a public SSH key to your account, and then generate an access token so you can access the DigitalOcean API.

Add the token to your environment:

$ export DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN=<YOUR_DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN>

Next, to interact with the API programmatically, install the python-digitalocean module:

$ pip install python-digitalocean==1.15.0

Now, let's create another task to spin up three droplets: one for the Kubernetes master and two for the workers. Update fabfile.py like so:

import os

from fabric import task
from digitalocean import Droplet, Manager


DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN = os.getenv('DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN')


# tasks

@task
def ping(ctx, output):
    """ Sanity check """
    print(f'pong!')
    print(f'hello {output}!')


@task
def create_droplets(ctx):
    """
    Create three new DigitalOcean droplets -
    node-1, node-2, node-3
    """
    manager = Manager(token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN)
    keys = manager.get_all_sshkeys()
    for num in range(3):
        node = f'node-{num + 1}'
        droplet = Droplet(
            token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN,
            name=node,
            region='nyc3',
            image='ubuntu-20-04-x64',
            size_slug='4gb',
            tags=[node],
            ssh_keys=keys,
        )
        droplet.create()
        print(f'{node} has been created.')

Take note of the arguments passed to the Droplet class. Essentially, we're creating three Ubuntu 20.04 droplets in the NYC3 region with 4 GB of memory each. We're also adding all SSH keys to each droplet. You may want to update this to only include the SSH key that you created specifically for this project:

@task
def create_droplets(ctx):
    """
    Create three new DigitalOcean droplets -
    node-1, node-2, node-3
    """
    manager = Manager(token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN)
    # Get ALL SSH keys
    all_keys = manager.get_all_sshkeys()
    keys = []
    for key in all_keys:
        if key.name == '<ADD_YOUR_KEY_NAME_HERE>':
            keys.append(key)
    for num in range(3):
        node = f'node-{num + 1}'
        droplet = Droplet(
            token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN,
            name=node,
            region='nyc3',
            image='ubuntu-20-04-x64',
            size_slug='4gb',
            tags=[node],
            ssh_keys=keys,
        )
        droplet.create()
        print(f'{node} has been created.')

Create the droplets:

$ fab create-droplets

node-1 has been created.
node-2 has been created.
node-3 has been created.

Moving along, let's add a task that checks the status of each droplet, to ensure that each are up and ready to go before we start installing Docker and Kubernetes:

@task
def wait_for_droplets(ctx):
    """ Wait for each droplet to be ready and active """
    for num in range(3):
        node = f'node-{num + 1}'
        while True:
            status = get_droplet_status(node)
            if status == 'active':
                print(f'{node} is ready.')
                break
            else:
                print(f'{node} is not ready.')
                time.sleep(1)

Add the get_droplet_status helper function:

def get_droplet_status(node):
    """ Given a droplet's tag name, return the status of the droplet """
    manager = Manager(token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN)
    droplet = manager.get_all_droplets(tag_name=node)
    return droplet[0].status

Don't forget the import:

import time

Before we test, add another task to destroy the droplets:

@task
def destroy_droplets(ctx):
    """ Destroy the droplets - node-1, node-2, node-3 """
    manager = Manager(token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN)
    for num in range(3):
        node = f'node-{num + 1}'
        droplets = manager.get_all_droplets(tag_name=node)
        for droplet in droplets:
            droplet.destroy()
        print(f'{node} has been destroyed.')

Destroy the three droplets we just created:

$ fab destroy-droplets

node-1 has been destroyed.
node-2 has been destroyed.
node-3 has been destroyed.

Then, bring up three new droplets and verify that they are good to go:

$ fab create-droplets

node-1 has been created.
node-2 has been created.
node-3 has been created.

$ fab wait-for-droplets

node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is not ready.
node-1 is ready.
node-2 is not ready.
node-2 is not ready.
node-2 is ready.
node-3 is ready.

Provision the Machines

The following tasks need to be run on each droplet...

Set Addresses

Start by adding a task to set the host addresses in the hosts environment variable:

@task
def get_addresses(ctx, type):
    """ Get IP address """
    manager = Manager(token=DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN)
    if type == 'master':
        droplet = manager.get_all_droplets(tag_name='node-1')
        print(droplet[0].ip_address)
        hosts.append(droplet[0].ip_address)
    elif type == 'workers':
        for num in range(2, 4):
            node = f'node-{num}'
            droplet = manager.get_all_droplets(tag_name=node)
            print(droplet[0].ip_address)
            hosts.append(droplet[0].ip_address)
    elif type == 'all':
        for num in range(3):
            node = f'node-{num + 1}'
            droplet = manager.get_all_droplets(tag_name=node)
            print(droplet[0].ip_address)
            hosts.append(droplet[0].ip_address)
    else:
        print('The "type" should be either "master", "workers", or "all".')
    print(f'Host addresses - {hosts}')

Define the following variables at the top, just below DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN = os.getenv('DIGITAL_OCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN'):

user = 'root'
hosts = []

Run:

$ fab get-addresses --type=all

165.227.103.30
159.65.182.113
165.227.222.71
Host addresses - ['165.227.103.30', '159.65.182.113', '165.227.222.71']

With that, we can start installing the Docker and Kubernetes dependencies.

Install Dependencies

Install Docker along with-

kubeadm - bootstraps a Kubernetes cluster
kubelet - configures containers to run on a host
kubectl - command line tool used managing a cluster

Add a task to install Docker to the fabfile:

@task
def install_docker(ctx):
    """ Install Docker """
    print(f'Installing Docker on {ctx.host}')
    ctx.sudo('apt-get update && apt-get install -qy docker.io')
    ctx.run('docker --version')
    ctx.sudo('systemctl enable docker.service')

Let's disable the swap file:

@task
def disable_selinux_swap(ctx):
    """
    Disable SELinux so kubernetes can communicate with other hosts
    Disable Swap https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/53533
    """
    ctx.sudo('sed -i "/ swap / s/^/#/" /etc/fstab')
    ctx.sudo('swapoff -a')

Install Kubernetes:

@task
def install_kubernetes(ctx):
    """ Install Kubernetes """
    print(f'Installing Kubernetes on {ctx.host}')
    ctx.sudo('apt-get update && apt-get install -y apt-transport-https')
    ctx.sudo('curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add -')
    ctx.sudo('echo "deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main" | \
          tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list && apt-get update')
    ctx.sudo('apt-get update && apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl')

Instead of running each of these separately, create a main provision_machines task:

@task
def provision_machines(ctx):
    for conn in get_connections(hosts):
        install_docker(conn)
        disable_selinux_swap(conn)
        install_kubernetes(conn)

Add the get_connections helper function:

def get_connections(hosts):
    for host in hosts:
        yield Connection(f"{user}@{host}")

Update the import:

from fabric import task, Connection

Run:

$ fab get-addresses --type=all provision-machines

This will take a few minutes to install the required packages.

Configure the Master Node

Init the Kubernetes cluster and deploy the flannel network:

@task
def configure_master(ctx):
    """
    Init Kubernetes
    Set up the Kubernetes Config
    Deploy flannel network to the cluster
    """
    ctx.sudo('kubeadm init')
    ctx.sudo('mkdir -p $HOME/.kube')
    ctx.sudo('cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config')
    ctx.sudo('chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config')
    ctx.sudo('kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml')

Save the join token:

@task
def get_join_key(ctx):
    sudo_command_res = ctx.sudo('kubeadm token create --print-join-command')
    token = re.findall("^kubeadm.*$", str(sudo_command_res), re.MULTILINE)[0]

    with open('join.txt', "w") as f:
        with stdout_redirected(f):
            print(token)

Add the following imports:

import re
import sys
from contextlib import contextmanager

Create the stdout_redirected context manager:

@contextmanager
def stdout_redirected(new_stdout):
    save_stdout = sys.stdout
    sys.stdout = new_stdout
    try:
        yield None
    finally:
        sys.stdout = save_stdout

Again, add a parent task to run these:

@task
def create_cluster(ctx):
    for conn in get_connections(hosts):
        configure_master(conn)
        get_join_key(conn)

Run it:

$ fab get-addresses --type=master create-cluster

This will take a minute or two to run. Once done, the join token command should be outputted to the screen and saved in a join.txt file:

kubeadm join 165.227.103.30:6443 --token dabsh3.itdhdo45fxj65lrb --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:5af14ed1388b240e25fe2b3bbaa38752c6a23328516e47aedef501d4db4057af

Configure the Worker Nodes

Using the saved join command from above, add a task to "join" the workers to the master:

@task
def configure_worker_node(ctx):
    """ Join a worker to the cluster """
    with open('join.txt') as f:
        join_command = f.readline()
        for conn in get_connections(hosts):
            conn.sudo(f'{join_command}')

Run this on the two worker nodes:

$ fab get-addresses --type=workers configure-worker-node

Sanity Check

Finally, to ensure the cluster is up and running, add a task to view the nodes:

@task
def get_nodes(ctx):
    for conn in get_connections(hosts):
        conn.sudo('kubectl get nodes')

Run:

$ fab get-addresses --type=master get-nodes

You should see something similar to:

NAME      STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION
node-1    Ready     master    44s        v1.18.3
node-2    Ready     <none>    30s        v1.18.3
node-3    Ready     <none>    26s        v1.18.3

Remove the droplets once done:

$ fab destroy-droplets

node-1 has been destroyed.
node-2 has been destroyed.
node-3 has been destroyed.

Automation Script

One last thing: Add a create.sh script to automate this full process:

#!/bin/bash


echo "Creating droplets..."
fab create-droplets
fab wait-for-droplets
sleep 20

echo "Provision the droplets..."
fab get-addresses --type=all provision-machines


echo "Configure the master..."
fab get-addresses --type=master create-cluster


echo "Configure the workers..."
fab get-addresses --type=workers configure-worker-node
sleep 20

echo "Running a sanity check..."
fab get-addresses --type=master get-nodes

Try it out:

$ sh create.sh

That's it!

You can find the scripts in the kubernetes-fabric repo on GitHub.

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Contents

What is Fabric?

Droplets Setup

Provision the Machines

Set Addresses

Install Dependencies

Configure the Master Node

Configure the Worker Nodes

Sanity Check

Automation Script

Test-Driven Development with Django, Django REST Framework, and Docker

Test-Driven Development with Django, Django REST Framework, and Docker

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